The effect of active smoking, passive smoking, and e-cigarettes on the tear film: An updated comprehensive review

Active tobacco smoking, passive and e-cigarette smoking have been associated with different systemic ocular diseases. The precorneal tear film plays an important role in eye health its analysis can provide useful information on status. This review investigates the effects of types film, by analyzing peer-reviewed literature this topic. Specifically, evaporation rate, stability, volume, ferning, osmolarity, physical composition (lipids proteins) are detailed. Most reported works show that cigarette reduces stability quality affecting components. highlights severely affects but a single test is not sufficient to determine these because impact parts eye. • Active, film. Passive similar active smoking. Smoking causes lipid oxidation, damaging layer. alters osmolarity composition. A describe effect